On Tuesday, U.S. stock markets fell again amid the escalating tensions in the Middle East, recording sharp early losses that were largely recouped later in the session. The Dow Jones Industrial Average finished at 48,501, down 0.8 %. The Nasdaq‑100 ended at 24,720, down 1.1 %, while the broader S&P 500 closed at 6,817, down 0.9 %.

Oil prices rose sharply toward the end of the day, driven by concerns over supply disruptions. The North Sea Brent crude benchmark traded at $81.26 per barrel around 10 p.m. Central European Time-an increase of 4.5 % from the previous closing price.

Gold slipped into a decline, reaching $5,101 per troy ounce (equivalent to €141.17 per gram) at the close, down 4.2 %.

The euro weakened against the dollar, with one euro trading for $1.1617, or conversely one U.S. dollar costing €0.8608.