Public investment in education across Germany reached approximately €198 billion in 2024, a nominal increase of 7% and €13 billion compared to 2023, according to figures released by the Federal Statistical Office (Destatis). While the nominal figure paints a picture of robust investment, a closer examination reveals a less clear-cut picture when considering real-world purchasing power. Real education expenditure rose by a more modest 4%, or €5 billion.
The increase in nominal spending is partly attributable to inflation, raising questions about the true expansion of educational resources available. Per capita expenditure reached €2,400, up from €2,200 the previous year, while expenditure per person under 30 reached €8,000, a rise from €7,400 in 2023. The proportion of education expenditure relative to Germany’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) also rose from 4.4% to 4.6%.
The bulk of public funds, 49% (€97 billion), flowed into the school system. Early childhood education received a significant portion at 25% (€49 billion), followed by universities at 19% (€38 billion). These figures highlight a persistent imbalance, with substantial investment required to ensure equitable access to quality education across all age groups and stages.
A notable element of the 2023 figures was a one-off payment of €200 for students and vocational school pupils to help offset energy price increases. This resulted in a reduction in the federal government’s 2024 education expenditure, which fell by €0.2 billion nominally – a 1.6% decrease – and €0.4 billion in real terms (4.6%). Currently, almost half of federal funds are directed towards higher education institutions and a third supports educational participation programs. The “DigitalPakt Schule” initiative, aimed at modernizing school infrastructure, accounted for 13% of federal resources.
The Lander (state) governments contribute the lion’s share of education funding – a total of €135 billion representing 68% of overall investment. State expenditure grew by 7% nominally, albeit a more measured 4% in real terms. Similar to the national distribution, the bulk of Land resources support schools and universities.
The figures also reveal increasing expenditure at the municipal level, with a 10% nominal increase (€5 billion), indicating a growing recognition of the critical role local communities play in education delivery. However, municipal spending continues to be heavily skewed towards early childhood education and schools, raising concerns about adequate resources for higher education and specialized educational participation programs.
The overall picture suggests a complex landscape, characterized by fluctuating real-term gains and challenges in redirecting resources towards a more equitable and innovative education system. The transient nature of the federal government’s contribution – primarily driven by a one-time payment – raises questions regarding long term investment strategies and the sustainability of Germany’s education system in the face of rising costs and evolving societal needs.